Materi Besaran Dan Satuan
May 1, 2010 - BAB 1 BESARAN DAN SISTEM SATUAN 1.1. Ilmu pengetahuan dasar yang mempelajari sifat-sifat dan interaksi antar materi dan radiasi.
Fisika Bilingual Besaran dan Satuan Kelas 7. 1. Physical Quantities, Units, and Measurement Physics is an empirical study.
Everything we know about the physical world and about the principles that govern its behavior has been learned through observations of the phenomena of nature. The ultimate test of any physical theory is its agreement with observation and measurements of physical phenomena. Physics is inherently a science of measurement.
Physical Quantities is any number or set of number used for a quantitative description of a physical phenomenon. All physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit. For example, the measurement result of the length of a copper stick is 100 cm. 100 represents the numerical magnitude and cm represents the unit. Physical Quantities and Units A.
Base Quantities, Base Units and Derived Units In all of physics there are only seven base quantities, each quantity has a unit, corresponding to the quantities. These seven base quantities are presented in Table I-1 below. Seven Base Quantities Quantity Unit Symbol Dimension Length meter m L Mass kilogram kg M Time second s T Electric Current ampere A I Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol N Luminous intensity candela cd J In measuring a quantity, we always compare it with some established reference standard: 1. The standard of Mass is the mass of cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, designated as one kilogram. The standard of length is a meter bar of platinum- iridium alloy 3. The standard of time is the time required for 9,192,631,770 cycles of this radiation (1 Second) 4. Amount of substance in mole represents the amount containing a number of particles equal to the Avogadro constant (NA = 6,02 x 1023 molecules/mol).
Historically, the reverse process was one used to obtain NA: that is, from the measured mass of the hydrogen atom. Example I-1 Use the Avogadro constant to determine the mass of a hydrogen atom Solution: One mole of hydrogen (atomic mass = 1.008 u) has a mass of 1.008 x 10-3 kg and contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. Thus one atom has a mass kg kg 3 1.008 10 m 27 23 1.67 10 6.02 10 Most of physics quantities have the units as a combination of base units. Such units are called Derived units. Table 2 shows some derived units in mechanics. Basic Mechanical Units Quantities SI Units (MKS) CGS US Common Dimension Length meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Foot (ft) L Time second (s) second (s) Second (s) T Mass kilogram (kg) gram (gr) slug M Velocity m/s cm/s ft/s L/T Acceleration m/s2 cm/s2 ft/s2 L/T2 Force kg m/s2 = Newton (N) gr m/s2 = dyne slug ft/s2 = pound (lb) M L/T2 Work N m = joule (j) dyne cm = erg lbft = ftlb M L2/T2 Energy joule erg ftlb M L2/T2 Power j/s = watt erg/s ftlb/s M L2/T3 A.1. Unit Consistency and Conversion An equation must always be dimensionally consistent; this means that two terms may be added or equated only if they have the same units.
Example I-2 1. 2 m + 20 cm = 2 m + 0,2 m = 2,2 m 2.
Distance = velocity x time = (m/s) x s = m The algebraic properties of units provide a convenient procedure for converting a quantity from one unit to another. Equality is sometimes used to represent the same physical quantity expressed in two different units. Example I-3 1. 1 min = 60 s does not mean that the number 1 is equal to the number 60, but rather that 1 min represents the same physical time interval as 60 s. And then divide by 60 s, or multiply by quantity (1 min/60s), without changing the physical meaning. To find the number of seconds in 3 min, we write: 3 min = (3 min)(60s/1 min) = 180 s.
Similarly, converting 50 km/h (kilometer per hour) in to meter per second 50 km/h = (50 km / h)(1000m/km)(I h/3600 s) = 13.89 m/s A.2. Scientific Notation In calculation with very large or very small numbers, we encounter the difficulty because we have to write a series of number. To overcome this difficulty one use the scientific notation, i.e.the scientifically methode to write the number.
Table of the scientific notation is given in Table I-3 below. The Scientific Notation Number Powers of ten Prefix Symbol 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10-18 exa E 0.000 000 000 000 001 10-15 femto f 0.000 000 000 001 10-12 pico p 0.000 000 001 10-9 nano n 0.000 001 10-6 mikro 0.001 10-3 mili m 0.01 10-2 centi c 0.1 10-1 deci d 10 101 deka da 100 102 hecto H 1000 103 kilo K 1,000,000 106 mega M 1,000,000,000 109 giga G 1,000,000,000,000 1012 tera T 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015 peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 000 1018 atto A. Example I-4 384 000 000 m can be written as 3.84 x 108 m. 000 000 000 053 m can be written as 5,3 x 10-11m It seem that the scientific notation facilitate us to write a very large or very small numbers Example I-5 The mass of Earth is about 5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms (kg), and the diameter of a proton is about 0.00001 meter (m).
This many zeros are inconvenient, and we employ a shorthand method of writing very large and very small numbers.By using powers of 10, Earth’s mass is more easily written as 5.98 x 1024 kg, and the diameter of a proton is written as 10-15 m A considerable advantage of scientific notation is that multiplication and division are easily performed by adding and subtracting exponents of 10. Thus the product 100 x 100 = 10,000 can be written as 102 x 102 = 102+2 = 104. The awkward multiplication 0.00000055 x 24,000 can be done more easily as (5.5 x 10-3) x 10-7+4 = 13 x 10-3 = 1.3 x 101 x 10-3 = 1.3 x 10-2. Where division is involved, we simply change the sign of an exponent and use the multiplication rules. For example, 3 7.5 10 3 4 10 10 3.0 10 30 7.5 2.5 2.5 10 4 II. Measurement A.
Measurement of Length Metre Rule Figure II-1. The correct position to read the scale is at B. The actual reading is 8.3 cm. If the eye is placed at A or C, the reading obtained is inaccurate. The type of error due to the incorrect positioning of the eye with respect to the marking of the scale is known as parallax error.
To measure lengths, we can use rulers or measuring tapes. The correct way to read the scale on a ruler is shown in Figure II.1. Place your eye perpendicularly at the required mark on the scale to minimize parallax error.
We can only measure with an accuracy up to 0.1 cm using a ruler. This means that the reading may be 0.1 cm more (+0.1 cm) than the actual reading or 0.1 cm less (- 0.1 cm) than actual reading.
For smaller lengths or for greater accuracy we need special instruments like the vernier calipers or the micrometer screw gauge. Vernier Calipers We can use a pair of vernier calipers to measure small lengths to an accuracy of 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm. It consists of a main scale and a vernier scale (Figure II-2). When the jaws are closed, the zero marks on the main scale and vernier scale should coincide (Figure II-3a).
If this does not happen, there is a zero error in the vernier calipers. The following steps show the vernier calipers can be used to measure the diameter of a sphere. Step 1: Check for zero errors (Figure II-3a, b, and c). Zero error is the difference in value between the zero marks on the main and vernier scales when the jaws of the calipers are completely closed together. (a) If AB coincides with CD, there is no zero error. (b) If AB lies to the right of CD, the zero error is taken as a positive error. (c) If AB lies to the left of CD, the zero error is taken as a negative error.
Figure II-2.A picture of avernier calipers. The outside jaws are used to measure the length of a solid or the diameter of sphere.
The inside jaws are used to measure the inner diamater of a tube. (a) (b) (c) Figure II-3.(a) AB coincides with CD. There is no zero error. (b) Identify the marking from AB that coincides with marking on the main scale. The zero error is + 0.01 cm. (c) Identify the marking from EF that coincides with the marking on the main scale. The zero error is –0.02 cm.
Reading the main and the vernier scale Reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading = 2.4 cm + 0.08 cm = 2.48 cm Step 2: Grip the sphere gently with the outside jaws. The vernier scale can be tightened with a knob located on top of it.
This prevents the scale from sliding before a reading is taken. Step 3: Read the value on the main scale and the vernier scale.
(Figure II-4) Micrometer Gambar II-5.A picture of a micrometer screw gauge. It has two scales: the main scale on the sleeve and the circular scale on the thimble.
Turning the thimble and moving the circular scale up or down one division, will cause thespindle to move 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm horizontally. To measure the diameter of fine wire, the thickness of paper and pther very short lengths, a micrometer screw gauge is used (Figure II-5). It has an accuracy of 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm. The following steps show how the micrometer screw gauge can be used to measure the diameter of a wire: Step 1: Check for zero error (Figure II-6 a, b, and c) (a). If the 0 mark on the thimble scale coincides with CD, there is no zero error. If the 0 mark on the thimble scale lies to the right of CD the zero error is taken as a positive error.
If the 0 mark on the thimble scale lies to the left of CD the zero error is taken as a negative error. (a) (b) (c) Figure II-6.
0 mark on the thimble scale coincides with CD. There is no zero error. Identify the marking on the thimble which coincides with CD on the sleeve.
The zero error is +0.02 mm. (c) Identify the marking on the thimble which coincides with CD on the sleeve. The zero error is -0.03 mm.
Step 2: Turn the thimble to grip the wire gently. Then turn the ratchet a few times until a ‘click’ is heard.
This will maintain firm contact between the wire and the spindle and anvil. Step 3: Read the value on the sleeve and thimble (Figure II-7).
(a) (b) Figure II-7. Reading the sleeve and thimble Reading in Figure II-7.a = sleeve reading + thimble reading = 4.00 mm + 0.12 mm = 4.12 mm Reading in Figure II-7.b = sleeve reading + thimble reading = 4.50 mm + 0.12 mm = 4.62 mm Step 4: Correct your reading in step 3 by adjusting for the zero error (if any) found in step 1. Measurement of Volume 1.
Regular Volume The volume of an object with a regular shape can be calculated after measuring the lengths of its sides, its diameter, or other lengths. Then the appropriate formulae (as described below) for the volumes are used. The SI units for volume is cubic metres (m3). Volume of a cube = length3 Volume of a rectangular block = length × width × height 4 Volume of a sphere = 3 3 r (where r is the radius) Volume of a cylinder = r2h (where r is the radius and h is the height) Volume can be expressed as mm3, cm3 or m3. Sometimes you will see litres being used.
1 litre (l) is equivalent to 1000 cm3. Irregular Volume The volume of an object with an irregular shape can be measured by using a measuring cylinder or displacement can.
Two figures below are shown methods to measure the volume of an irregular shape object. Measurement of Mass How heavy are you? Your answer might be, “Wellactually I am a little overweight. Don’t tell anybody but my weight is close to 70 kg!” In ordinary conversation, we do not always distinguish between mass and weight. In physics, we have to be very careful between these two terms have quite different meanings. Weight is measured in newtons whereas mass is measured in kilograms.
The mass of an object is a measure of the a mount of matter in it. The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). The mass of a given object is always the same no matter where the object happens to be, i.e., mass is constant. Small masses may be measured in grams (g) amd large masses in tones (1 tonne = 1000 kg).
Mass is measured using a balance. There are several types of balance and two are shown below. (a) (b) Figure II-7.
A sliding mass balance- the unknown mass is placed on the pan of the balance and its mass is obtained by sliding the given the given fixed masses on the beams until the beams are balanced. An electronic balance- the object is placed on a pan and its mass is read from a screen. Measurement of Time Interval Time is measured in years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds. The SI unit for time is the second (s). Clocks and watches are normally used to measure time. All clocks make use of some regular repeating motion called oscillations.
An example moves through positions O A O B O for example, we say it has made. one oscillation. The time taken to make one oscillation is referred to as the periode of the oscillation.
Stopwatch A modern electronics stopwatch has a digital display and can be read to the nearest 0.01 s. To measure a time interval, the stopwatch must be started and stopped by hand. When we want to start the stopwatch, our hand will take a split second to react. An error therefore introduced because it takes a certain amount of time to start or stop a watch. This error is called the reaction time and it varies from person to person. For most people, their reaction time is about 0.3 s.
Hence generally it will be sufficient to measure time to the nearest 0.1 s. A digital stopwatch which gives an accuracy of 0.01 s.
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A typical argument against wooden frames is that you can’t adjust them, Woodone however, has done a great job showing how to bend a Woodone-wooden frame in this video:Chanel surprised the whole fashion scene with their Chanel Supermarket runway for Paris Fashion Week. The runway took place in a fake Chanel Supermarket, filled with stunning people and incredible Chanel products.
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Make sure you surround yourself with friends and family who encourage and believe in you. The pinnacle of the sport is the friendships that are made, and the battle with the teams, and the camaraderie day in and day out throughout all of the days of the race. Unless he comes up with a couple more 20 win seasons, like 2007, Josh Beckett will be remembered as a good pitcher, not a great one. However, not only do Appalachians come from historically marginalised ethnic groups (although many of them do not claim to identify with anything other than 'whiteness'), but they are also part of a markedly different culture than the 'average' American. Hinton, who knew the late Byrds drummer Michael Clarke while growing up in Spokane, says that Blakened had been in the works for a year before its Vision Expo official launch. The name of the line invokes an eyewear trade term as well as the apocalyptic “Blackened” track from the classic Metallica album And Justice for All—also the name of the band’s label.“We’re looking for young artists who haven’t been discovered yet,” says Hinton.
“I go to a lot of clubs looking for talent to sponsor with eyewear and sunglasses. A lot of kids out there are very talented but can’t even afford instruments. We just want to give back from what we got out of music.”He notes that Blakened is for people who seek “good-fitting and looking eyewear, but aren’t brand-oriented.” Hence, there’s the subtle logo placement, but nothing else to identify the brand.
But with each passing year, it becomes less and less likely that the Mets will win with Wright at his best. A decade ago, winning at least one title during the third baseman's career seemed inevitable.
The odds loom longer now, in spite of the much-improved team around him. Youth doesn't last forever.Wright knows that. He understands he had a chance to leave, and may have already won a title if he had. He knows there is a chance that even if he does win a World Series, he will do so as a diminished player.
Then Wright thinks about the cheers that third-base coach Tim Teufel - a role player on the Mets' last championship team in 1986 - still gets in Flushing to this day.' Would it have been easier to maybe jump ship at a time when the organization wasn't doing well, and go somewhere else, to maybe a better team that was better-suited to win in the moment?' 'Would that have been fun? 'We were competitors,' said Andrea Guerra, Luxottica's chief executive. 'Today we're creating something bigger.' Investors were happy at the prospect of the sleek Italians, who make sunglasses for fashion houses such as Chanel and Prada, teaming with the sporty Californians, whose shades are endorsed by athletes such as skateboarder Ryan Sheckler and golfer Annika Sorenstam.Oakley's shares climbed $3.22, or almost 13%, to $28.45 on Thursday and Luxottica's stock rose $3.18, or 9%, to $38.02.Under the terms of the deal, Luxottica will pay Oakley stockholders $29.30 a share, a 16% premium over Wednesday's close. Luxottica's Guerra said the deal would merge his firm's fashion savvy and knowledge of the luxury industry with Oakley's strength in performance and technology and would fuel Oakley's growth opportunities.'
Materi Besaran Dan Satuan Kelas 10
I think Oakley will be larger,' Guerra said. 'I think this is basically the simple definition of what will happen.' The union would help Oakley, which last year bought the high-end Oliver Peoples sunglass chain in its effort to reach out to females, Olivet said. The company, which sold unisex sunglasses but had a distinctly macho vibe for most of its history, launched its first full line of sunglasses for women this spring. Progressive (also called “no-line” or “invisible”) bifocals and trifocals vary the prescription gradually from the lower portion to the upper portion of the lens.
The wearer focuses on an object by tilting their head up and down to put the right portion of the lens on an object and bring it into focus. This takes some getting used to when a wearer first gets the graduated lenses, but it eventually becomes second nature.Superfocus eyeglasses have no separate “windows” or graduations of the wearer’s prescription for near or distance viewing. Instead, there are actually two lenses in front of each eye. The outer lenses are rigid, held onto the frame by a magnetic anchor. The inner lenses are flexible, becoming convex as a slider over the bridge of the nose is moved.
Sliding the button to the left or right focuses precisely on whatever the wearer wants to bring into view. The next month, the company opened its first retail outlet, the O Store at the Irvine Spectrum.The company will continue the marketing initiatives that Schmidt set in motion, Law said.
Beginning on Friday, September 2, the reigning MVP will once again share his passion for the game with the next generation of players in Asia as he embarks on his second annual Asia tour.While on the tour, Under Armour will be unveiling two new colorways of the Curry 2.5 — dubbed the ‘Journey to Excellence’ Pack.The pack consists of two versions of the Curry 2.5, but they will be sold separately. They’ll be available exclusively on UA Shop (both iOS and Android) on Thursday, September 1, followed by a wider launch at Under Armour Brand Houses and UA.com on Saturday, September 3.According to Under Armour:The “Journey to Excellence” Pack draws inspiration from “Journey to the West,” a classic Chinese novel and one of the benchmarks for historic Chinese literature.
The two colorways are each named after characters from the 16th century classic:. The Sun Wukong is inspired by the hero’s ability to overcome all obstacles, via great power that is often underestimated, just like Stephen. The Erlang Shen colorway is inspired by the “Journey to the West” character of the same name; Shen is always super calm with laser focus, the same as the back-to-back MVP, with his vision to see all possibilities on the court.Check out an official look at both pairs of the Curry 2.5 featured in the upcoming ‘Journey to Excellence’ Pack below.
Share your thoughts with us in the comment section. The Nike KD 9 has released in a few colorways now but the fourth colorway is the loudest to date by far. The next colorway of Kevin Durant’s ninth signature sneaker is the KD 9 ‘Unlimited’.Various colors come together to set this colorway apart from the others. The ‘Unlimited’ theme is set for the Olympics, with shades of Volt and Hyper Punch Pink coloring the shoes that athletes will be seen wearing in Rio. The Volt shades make a statement for speed as it catches your eye immediately.
Volt is the brightest shade of yellow, and yellow is the most vibrant color to the human eye. Hyper Punch Pink.